tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-17327019863587811262024-03-05T16:15:48.088-05:00Gabriel PardoPreservation, Engineering and ArchitectureGabrielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07035553058007334414noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732701986358781126.post-10250587469958669352013-09-18T06:51:00.001-04:002013-09-18T07:28:21.321-04:00TRADITIONAL KILNS EVERYWHERE<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPKA96lqTKe7uB55qcoK8CG_oVCDlna-HqLI2ke-emXHmxJ72rfqkHdVkpABLjdnasmxDkLN79T-TwIEjeckg-9GLNJvC1BWo4edGFZnXr0kndDsiDlzwkXx8Z_LXqTdSMxHQgIzB42vVm/s1600/P9021089.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPKA96lqTKe7uB55qcoK8CG_oVCDlna-HqLI2ke-emXHmxJ72rfqkHdVkpABLjdnasmxDkLN79T-TwIEjeckg-9GLNJvC1BWo4edGFZnXr0kndDsiDlzwkXx8Z_LXqTdSMxHQgIzB42vVm/s400/P9021089.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image 1. Footprint of a traditional kiln in Domusnova (Sardinia)</td></tr>
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It's been a long time without writing. That does not mean that I have continued traveling, discovering and learning everywhere.<br />
As I am preparing a presentation for the <a href="http://www.apti.org/index.php?src=gendocs&ref=apt-nyc-2013LANDINGNEW">APT 2013 conference</a> regarding the traditional gypsum I am now more aware of the old methods of obtaining gypsum or lime (similar procedure different times of burning). I am finding old footprints even in the most unexpected places. During my recent trip to Sardinia I found a traditional kiln in<br />
an excursion for rock climbing in the small town of Domusnova. As it is seen in the picture, the kiln was half-excavated in the slope of the mountain to keep the heat . Usually the diameter was around 2 meters. A dome was built with the gypsum/lime stones, then a fire was set and usually the times of burning will depend of the material: usually 1 day for gypsum [1].<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfjJF4eKwf5ZcSI7aY5lDpfhUPavWgeKwCh5fUUTzpzdiTAB7nFOgMA-P7tWe-eEuJW48jhnbIJFOIGklHtYdvWeNqqFQ1lWwlG1rFBUF1qcx7QZLBljoZlz37QB-0JehenAOVWf-f31o/s1600/Horno_de_b_veda+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfjJF4eKwf5ZcSI7aY5lDpfhUPavWgeKwCh5fUUTzpzdiTAB7nFOgMA-P7tWe-eEuJW48jhnbIJFOIGklHtYdvWeNqqFQ1lWwlG1rFBUF1qcx7QZLBljoZlz37QB-0JehenAOVWf-f31o/s400/Horno_de_b_veda+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image 2</td></tr>
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Honestly this is amazing, everywhere you could build a traditional kiln. They were usually, and logically, built close to the quarry or close to the building site where was going to be used. Now they are not in use anymore in lieu of new products that you can easily buy. However, in Spain there is one factory that still "cooks" the gypsum as the traditional manner (<a href="http://www.yesoalbarracin.com/">http://www.yesoalbarracin.com</a>). Their properties to weathering are higher than new gypsum because of several factors (procedure, heterogeneity, ...)<br />
In this website you will find some pictures of kilns and the typical sequence of the whole process to create the gypsum mortar:<br />
<a href="http://alfredosanchezgarzon.blogspot.com/2011/10/visita-guiada-los-hornos-de-yeso-de-la.html">http://alfredosanchezgarzon.blogspot.com/2011/10/visita-guiada-los-hornos-de-yeso-de-la.html</a><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnt4mhl-o1iPto0T9ot6kn11qP6jPZ0QWuYmPL75ntW6Z8eG0Olbbb_wA7uh4RKkZKQX_pqT4ho5HHFCSogV4uUXXPZDYzHV2EvPEu_FgLcPBIPRd1Rs2YATk2Dgr6UVutLSl4FbYSF-Yq/s1600/P9021082.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnt4mhl-o1iPto0T9ot6kn11qP6jPZ0QWuYmPL75ntW6Z8eG0Olbbb_wA7uh4RKkZKQX_pqT4ho5HHFCSogV4uUXXPZDYzHV2EvPEu_FgLcPBIPRd1Rs2YATk2Dgr6UVutLSl4FbYSF-Yq/s400/P9021082.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image 3. Footprint of a traditional kiln in Domusnova (Sardinia)</td></tr>
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References:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">[1]</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <span style="color: #00000a;">F.Vegas,
C.Mileto, M. Diodato, J. Garcia Soriano, C. Grau Giménez: “Traditional Structures Made with Gypsum Pillars: A reasoned Hypothesis” in: Nuts & Bolts of Construction History, Vol. 2. Paris (2012) pp 509-516.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">[2]</span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> D.
Sanz Arauz in: “Análisis del yeso empleado en revestimientos
exteriores mediante técnicas geológicas”, tesis doctoral,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de
Arquitectura, Departamento de Construcción y Tecnología
Arquitectónicas, Madrid (2009)</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00000a;"><span style="font-family: Joanna MT, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span>
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Gabrielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07035553058007334414noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732701986358781126.post-5323113136912433022012-05-05T08:49:00.001-04:002012-05-18T10:07:18.831-04:00BELCHITE ... DONDE LOS TIROS<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Salimos
de Zaragoza por la Nacional de Castellón camino a Belchite. Al llegar al pueblo viejo de
Belchite los buitres revolotean en lo alto; el color gris del cielo todavía
hace más trágica la visión. En nuestra visita nos acompañan Clemente y Nieves
vecinos de Moyuela, un pueblo de las inmediaciones. Al llegar Nieves no quiere
salir del coche, ya durante el viaje nos comentaba “Belchite… donde los tiros”.
Clemente en cambio viene con nosotros y nos relata que era un niño cuando se
dio lugar la masacre “durante tres días se escuchaban las bombas y los tiros …
sin parar día y noche”. No puedo hacerme una idea de lo que un niño de 13 años
puede sentir cuando vive eso. El pueblo, todavía, está hecho añicos. Las casas
están reducidas a escombros, apenas se reconocen las calles donde corrían niños
y se vivía. Las únicas estructuras que se conservan son las iglesias y algún
muro despistado que ha sobrevivido. El tiempo se congela mientras recorres los
escombros. Al llegar a una de las iglesias la sensación de pena es total, hay
grafitis de la época, las bóvedas agujereadas por las bombas, los muros
desafiando al equilibrio... Según nos cuenta Clemente la batalla se dio lugar
allí para frenar la persecución del ejercito fascista, con ello el ejercito republicano ganaba tiempo mientras se
preparaba la <a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_Ebro">batalla del Ebro</a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">El
estado de ruina predomina en todo el pueblo, me impresiona. La ruina se ha
congelado durante todos estos años. Las únicas labores de mantenimiento que
puedo observar han sido algunos intentos de estabilizar las estructuras
existentes y hacer accesibles algunas de las calles, pero aun así su estado
inestable empeora día a día. ¿Qué hacer con está ruina? ¿Cómo poner, o no, en
valor este hito histórico? Por un lado hay gente que quiere que se olvide en la
memoria ya que todavía siente el dolor que transmite, para otros prefieren que
se conserve para no perder esa parte de la historia vergonzosa y no cometer de
nuevo los mismos errores. Siempre hay unos terceros que no tienen ni opinión ni
memoria y posan por las ruinas de lo que fue la muerte para cientos de personas
con su cámara en mano haciendo posturas graciosas para salir en el facebook y poder “etiquetarse” en este pueblo del pasado.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif";">No
suelo leer ni escribir sobre guerras por lo que no he contrastado la
información. Pido perdón por si he cometido algún error histórico “fiable”.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: "Palatino Linotype","serif";">Fotografía: Gabriel Pardo </span></i></span></div>Gabrielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07035553058007334414noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732701986358781126.post-61108475978331213462012-04-21T13:41:00.000-04:002012-04-21T13:41:59.590-04:00BENICARLO'S PALACE<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfKD512UdJdA5JlwknC0q5BDxlled1TJZrKwQP-gSNiC4S22oSPCxda5HrovP5V-UlSPzOOP1PeMwmyVyug2Zdr3RFxj2i5uo0qfun_XK-KYPZJT9h6rilV_qx_O4zLjNGWK4RL6SZ6h-g/s1600/Penetr%C3%B3metro.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfKD512UdJdA5JlwknC0q5BDxlled1TJZrKwQP-gSNiC4S22oSPCxda5HrovP5V-UlSPzOOP1PeMwmyVyug2Zdr3RFxj2i5uo0qfun_XK-KYPZJT9h6rilV_qx_O4zLjNGWK4RL6SZ6h-g/s400/Penetr%C3%B3metro.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nicola (left) and the team during an essay with the penetrometer</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;">This
week we have visited a beatiful palace in Benicarlo (2 hours north from Valencia) from
the 18<sup>th</sup> Century. Fernando Vegas and Camillla Mileto, in my opinion, two of the greatest architects, recommended us to spend
some time there because this week a team from the “Italian National Research
Council” specialized in the non-destructive proof and assessment of the ancient
timber would be there. We spent the whole day with the Italian team and
watched and learnt how they perform their work, Maria Diodato, one of the members, was our host. I took some notes and pictures
which are roughly summarized below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Here
the summary of how they asses the structural timber elements.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">First of all they measure the timber element, the
cross section, the length, position, etc. Then they indentify the visual
defects such as the knots in wood and their dimensions, the direction of the grain and
so on. Nicola, the director of the team, taught me why the importance of the position
of the knots in a structural element and how to know the effects of that.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Before they start to use the “Penetrometer” they check
the sound of the element hitting it with a rubber hammer (with the practice
you can distinguish the sound of the sound timber, they say). In those places
where the timber is internal damaged they use the penetrometer to calculate the resistant cross
section of the element. The penetrometer consists in a “drill device” which
pushes a kind of steel needle in the timber, the resistance of the needle to go
through the timber gives a graphic where you can see the resistance of the
cross section. With this device you can also evaluate the heads of the beams
embedded in walls.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Other device they use is the Hygrometer. They use it
in the heads of the beams to see the inner humidity of the timber. Usually, if
it is below of the 20% the timber is sound and if it is above is pretty easy to
find fungi or xylophagous.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx8GxVxOQ9iDvcRTtXwpPvq8Yvx0SBS6i-APN3eqMef68hOJOzCgR4lqqHvk3HinjJFECYuH6Fp34QkXuqy_OtLN8GcB2BjLapiDikjQsxonTVIs3Wawip29C7O_ANFs_jKVywsBa5IY9D/s1600/Higr%25C3%25B3metro.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx8GxVxOQ9iDvcRTtXwpPvq8Yvx0SBS6i-APN3eqMef68hOJOzCgR4lqqHvk3HinjJFECYuH6Fp34QkXuqy_OtLN8GcB2BjLapiDikjQsxonTVIs3Wawip29C7O_ANFs_jKVywsBa5IY9D/s320/Higr%25C3%25B3metro.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Using the Hygrometer at the embedded head of the joist</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="ecxMsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="ecxMsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">When
you put all the results together you have to use the European Code to get,
according to the corresponding table, the strength values for that type of
wood. I remember that the American NDS has similar evaluations of the existing timber.</span></div>
<div class="ecxMsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">It is
amazing how they do it, they checked every single wood element beams, joists,
rafters, … They also have index cards of each one with the data they get.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2gBen01wOgs1GumKzZMus4alMlIr8blUQ3F3G-pBg7bXXpNlT7JaIkLAUeFdGOvc1n3QiXlyCN9BbEO13ST9kPgt1NmwnybsiWXSoKFXrp3AMc-quw03WEEcZqwGEEKFCVznV8RF_dWrg/s1600/Hall.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2gBen01wOgs1GumKzZMus4alMlIr8blUQ3F3G-pBg7bXXpNlT7JaIkLAUeFdGOvc1n3QiXlyCN9BbEO13ST9kPgt1NmwnybsiWXSoKFXrp3AMc-quw03WEEcZqwGEEKFCVznV8RF_dWrg/s400/Hall.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hall of the palace. Imperial stair at the background</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="ecxMsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="ecxMsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The
palace itself is gorgeous, it has an original eigtheen century kitchen, with decorative tiled
walls, that is one of the best preserved in the Valencian Community and in
Spain. See some pictures of the palace. I forgot to mention that the town of
Benicarló has terrific beaches, weather and artichokes :)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7PehqpNW5ZY4xkZZh6cdkqRTdejpeHuVwyLvvD6MIJNGqOWff6UACg9Eef-j6eOhKi6xl62JD660XmBFLypRH6VAJbQd0Jffmhm9QTO-ps7U1T11RBACTXLmiRmb_7Ry04_N_ZqhyU2os/s1600/Kitchen.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7PehqpNW5ZY4xkZZh6cdkqRTdejpeHuVwyLvvD6MIJNGqOWff6UACg9Eef-j6eOhKi6xl62JD660XmBFLypRH6VAJbQd0Jffmhm9QTO-ps7U1T11RBACTXLmiRmb_7Ry04_N_ZqhyU2os/s400/Kitchen.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Decorated tiled walls in the kitchen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Gabrielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07035553058007334414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732701986358781126.post-65717252786528402522012-04-03T08:06:00.001-04:002012-04-10T12:38:12.707-04:00Proportion?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDHxN1iDGWaARMRokjvNkmokVV7FFOppvDoasKJ_e_MBD7DGKxQh536O3cCaK5Tsn_ig3jbXHJlMIbjlNPQylp-DjURN_YNeyGsfSrt1RbBDff1hs3Hm7YTlEkxC5xpOOmtSlKgjdiSPTZ/s1600/Untitled+1+copia.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDHxN1iDGWaARMRokjvNkmokVV7FFOppvDoasKJ_e_MBD7DGKxQh536O3cCaK5Tsn_ig3jbXHJlMIbjlNPQylp-DjURN_YNeyGsfSrt1RbBDff1hs3Hm7YTlEkxC5xpOOmtSlKgjdiSPTZ/s400/Untitled+1+copia.png" width="235" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cast-iron beam </td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
I am currently doing a research about a huge cast-iron construction placed in New York City in 1853. I have found the formulas used in that era to calculate the "bearing capacity" of the given beam. Two British Engineers who extensively publish their work pop, Hodgkinson and Fairbairn. Fairbairn focused in the Worought-Iron beams whereas Hodgkinson digged more in the cast-iron beams. Through their experiments, which generally consisted in bending differente shapes of beams under a known load, they usually stablished a constant "c" for each type of shape. This constant is obtained according to this formula, which is valid both for cast-iron and wrought-iron beams:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>W=c*a*d / l</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">where:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>W= max. weight </i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>c = constant</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>a = area of the bottom flange</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>d = depth of the beam</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The relation between the area of the bottom flange and the depth of the beam is directly proportional.The constant "c" is given in Tons/in2, thus this is quite similar of the yielding point in wrought iron or the breaking point in cast iron (because of its brittle fracture).</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Cast iron is a strong material that performs excellent in compression but fails in tension and not mention in fireproofing. According to this, the I-Beams were shaped in bizarre flanges. Hodgkinson established a general formula to shape the cast-iron beams. According to his experiments the cast iron is 6 times stronger in compression than in tension, so it is logical using the same proportion for the flanges. Usually we find cast-iron beams where the bottom flange is between 6-6.5 times the area of the top flange.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I do not why but I really like these beams, maybe it is because each beam was cast for one place, building or purpose; with such detail hard to find nowadays.</div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDahZwS28ViO-whfSyJ3O1-1mlu9cYWipBNDB9aHFhISsd19bW0mX5PRCquMSPmCFZxB7V41g5vTHcMzjj8RMoKpvUe0mQ9oj1CBWHWzOWuCLBuOgPoXKLF_jWpB4o8MTMW7pEWTCPWhdw/s1600/Diagrams.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDahZwS28ViO-whfSyJ3O1-1mlu9cYWipBNDB9aHFhISsd19bW0mX5PRCquMSPmCFZxB7V41g5vTHcMzjj8RMoKpvUe0mQ9oj1CBWHWzOWuCLBuOgPoXKLF_jWpB4o8MTMW7pEWTCPWhdw/s320/Diagrams.png" width="276" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Typical fracture of a cast-iron beam due to bending</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Gabrielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07035553058007334414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732701986358781126.post-71937220774155803062012-03-18T18:19:00.000-04:002012-03-18T18:19:41.232-04:00New Article in the CSIC magazine "Arqueología de la Arquitectura"I am pleased to announce my publication theTeruel's Cathedral in Spain that has been published by the Spanish National Research Council (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council">CSIC</a>)<span dir="auto"> through its annual magazine "<a href="http://arqarqt.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arqarqt">Arqueología de la Arquitectura</a>" (Archeology of the Architecture).</span><br />
<span dir="auto">It was a hard work but I am very proud of it</span>.<br />
Here the link and some pics:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://arqarqt.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arqarqt/article/view/132/127">http://arqarqt.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arqarqt/article/view/132/127</a><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-RUrHENWqFFSAQqStMa7IWx_PxIXLr0gs2hgQhxrFw4doDzdpSuGpjBN9M5NBNhijUIL0VXO4NZN1fF_PNqB6HIuag1KIAi4fLDQIkAQjBc1dKMpqxDFgRXu9VE-YZIucLoHhcaVCoJNm/s1600/P1010207.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-RUrHENWqFFSAQqStMa7IWx_PxIXLr0gs2hgQhxrFw4doDzdpSuGpjBN9M5NBNhijUIL0VXO4NZN1fF_PNqB6HIuag1KIAi4fLDQIkAQjBc1dKMpqxDFgRXu9VE-YZIucLoHhcaVCoJNm/s320/P1010207.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dark survey</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHJcHWL2zPUlU0UA7Yc37KqKGrusFJuBqwFddmseFl6Xo0eLh-dMSUsT_1IvVvEu1hHMxVKrHc4h23mIuwTxMNRJfUSeETPV0L4mOGDLiLNrmHFuFANXecriKDmS3MpgLZPe25S96_4l-t/s1600/+FACHADA+NORTE+NUMEROS+Y+RELACIONES.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="42" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHJcHWL2zPUlU0UA7Yc37KqKGrusFJuBqwFddmseFl6Xo0eLh-dMSUsT_1IvVvEu1hHMxVKrHc4h23mIuwTxMNRJfUSeETPV0L4mOGDLiLNrmHFuFANXecriKDmS3MpgLZPe25S96_4l-t/s400/+FACHADA+NORTE+NUMEROS+Y+RELACIONES.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZi_5yafHJ2wt6uXhvKd-y9jxI13PiAys4a3QAlavOFjMJ4xmXh4VZPca1gtBXIsLF0THr67clHZYNAO3h7QaCGXUdCoikYLwE-pqlWEvsH-DjXfQx4Armm1PeGZPUsqxh0bc7NwbrTjO/s1600/+FACHADA+NORTE+F%C3%81BRICAS+Y+NUMERACI%C3%93N.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="42" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixZi_5yafHJ2wt6uXhvKd-y9jxI13PiAys4a3QAlavOFjMJ4xmXh4VZPca1gtBXIsLF0THr67clHZYNAO3h7QaCGXUdCoikYLwE-pqlWEvsH-DjXfQx4Armm1PeGZPUsqxh0bc7NwbrTjO/s400/+FACHADA+NORTE+F%C3%81BRICAS+Y+NUMERACI%C3%93N.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wall Stratigraphy</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
GabrielGabrielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07035553058007334414noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732701986358781126.post-8427603901479028722012-01-16T18:14:00.001-05:002012-01-16T19:27:29.508-05:00Guayabo, following the path of the CABECARS<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpOW5zn2LKcOUOn1QgiTkM3a9zwyl20p4_fPCVfyUq7Wk7VhF2ZNxnV9vRIzoFn3KJcoagwuhQ0Q836wGtwRjQpqwxAcE2I48YdR1pGkEt-VID8W-lhglZ4qVFbWc8QnXEMtyBSDBbgjTx/s1600/P9303920.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpOW5zn2LKcOUOn1QgiTkM3a9zwyl20p4_fPCVfyUq7Wk7VhF2ZNxnV9vRIzoFn3KJcoagwuhQ0Q836wGtwRjQpqwxAcE2I48YdR1pGkEt-VID8W-lhglZ4qVFbWc8QnXEMtyBSDBbgjTx/s400/P9303920.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">General site view, literally in the middle of the jungle</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2Zvf704LDhCChUP-g_1XBQaFJ1ZSxjEfMUiXQivTBJpClmL44uizqDCVbj0DmTqS0I7PEEJswCPUHbEJK62ml25-N3XvEeTdh-kUDaLUDeJaILx9JZ82uOdzNPchku69BYdG0T6toVknj/s1600/P9303913.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Guayabo de Turrialba is the most important archeological site in Costa Rica. Flanked to the south by the Turrialba Volcano, the Guayabo Nacional Monumento (1973) is one of those places to visit. Monument’s tropical ambience, atmosphere and mysterious origins make for an amazing if not fascinating experience. The only archaeological park in the country, Guayabo protects the remains of a city that flourished and mysteriously disappeared before the arrival of the Spaniards. Archaeologists deduced that the pre-Columbian city was led by a chief, who exercised political and religious power over a large region. On 2009, it was declared an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers when it became a milestone in the engineering world for its water supply and drainage systems, designed to prevent flooding or overflow; after seven centuries of being abandoned are still working. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaGvOTw468jKDvx2hhHevcMw2G70_3N5pciJCgz5Q3q-6KNBHxKLr2FuBkEXed7nZH5Tyz0lvmVHhi91sCjZ6XRDZIMFF_dfw_ZYRDr_psh2Mt_qQnKQsPCfC6SqjyGz5Z8kWeqSkbKsGN/s1600/P9303922.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaGvOTw468jKDvx2hhHevcMw2G70_3N5pciJCgz5Q3q-6KNBHxKLr2FuBkEXed7nZH5Tyz0lvmVHhi91sCjZ6XRDZIMFF_dfw_ZYRDr_psh2Mt_qQnKQsPCfC6SqjyGz5Z8kWeqSkbKsGN/s400/P9303922.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Covered aqueduct</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Archaeologists are still unclear why this Indian settlement, inhabited by the Cabécar as early as 1000 BC, was abandoned around 1400 AD. Archaeologists believe that this city was a key religious, political and cultural center. The Guayabo National Monument sits on only 10% of its total land area, while the remainder 90% of the land is a premontane rainforest; this 232-hectare monument was first uncovered in 1968 by Carlos Aguilar Piedra, an archeologist at the University of Costa Rica. In the central area of the monument are different mounds with stone foundations, which generally have a circular base of different sizes. It is believed that the houses were built on the mounts with wood and straw, and their high was the diameter of the circular base (up to 30 meters). Excavations have also revealed cobbled roads, a sophisticated city infrastructure, covered and uncovered aqueducts, mysterious petroglyphs, tombs and sculptures, which suggest a highly developed knowledge of civil engineering. Their construction techniques are influenced by both South American and Mesoamerican cultures. Since the American Indians did not use the wheel, many of their streets are equipped with stairs. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6QwlJ1Ff04szx1BxGzyv3G7RVfbld9VyHxKPrtE114A5zuGnzMgojhWfexrXpYNWiq1MnQzcpd-4d8Z3Mr-Vqr1rilirfkpILZYly6azAU54OPhgoF9E69cOJRI5hWzGvdceLusrtHnb9/s1600/P9303925.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6QwlJ1Ff04szx1BxGzyv3G7RVfbld9VyHxKPrtE114A5zuGnzMgojhWfexrXpYNWiq1MnQzcpd-4d8Z3Mr-Vqr1rilirfkpILZYly6azAU54OPhgoF9E69cOJRI5hWzGvdceLusrtHnb9/s400/P9303925.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">On the field. The most elevated mount is the house of the tribal chief</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Who built this lost city? Why did its inhabitants disappear just before the Spanish landed? The most accepted hypothesis mentioned diseases, internal conflicts, maybe even war. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Infrared technology applied to archeology: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">On March 2003 the Costa Rica´s government and the NASA developed a project called CARTA (Airbone Research And Technology Applications), which objective was, among others, to take infrared images of the country. Once the photographs were taken, the University of Costa Rica, represented by Dr. Javier Bonatti González and Licda. Maureen Sánchez Pereira, did a research in order to discover Pre-Columbian roads called “Determinación de posibles rutas de intercambio precolombinas en la región central de Costa Rica usando sensores remotos avanzados” (Determination of possible exchange Pre-Columbine roads in central Costa Rica using advanced remote sensing). </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwwHeSfVOldlADB9xI759wMGwoG1R6Dp29rLv2So2cUOlSqw_Xm7U6G56dm-_R6pxRskjUGyz2Bzl1x9j5GjbfbCLHYlkyFoLQ-FWS19KUnpp7zy_2nsjm-NEMaQLzLGgMipcYgOYMgsh0/s1600/02c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwwHeSfVOldlADB9xI759wMGwoG1R6Dp29rLv2So2cUOlSqw_Xm7U6G56dm-_R6pxRskjUGyz2Bzl1x9j5GjbfbCLHYlkyFoLQ-FWS19KUnpp7zy_2nsjm-NEMaQLzLGgMipcYgOYMgsh0/s400/02c.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Infrared picture that shows the pre-Colombine roads/paths</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The results of the research reveal that there were several roads between different human centers all around the country, and the fact that some of those crossed big rivers suggest the existence of bridges. The roads were approximately three meters wide and were constructed to go by feet.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">People are surprised when they know that the pre-Colombine society did not know the wheel. But when you are here looking at the steep mountains you realize that a wheel is not very useful in this land.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">I would like to thank you the hospitallity of the Fine Arts students and professors of the University of San José for picking us up in their bus toward Cartago.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj36ilHvUg4wzvb-s4jiUXXHodgeUrB-MC1MDF3LyL3tq4kRsIHHUHAfY2P39nRwaJFksUziAXtHUsiJnsGwnQvFX8Ym3VtXh2oIT5_nKsVqBanAZTM207vWorltDrVlxTQX_Y8fxepVlRJ/s1600/P9303928.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj36ilHvUg4wzvb-s4jiUXXHodgeUrB-MC1MDF3LyL3tq4kRsIHHUHAfY2P39nRwaJFksUziAXtHUsiJnsGwnQvFX8Ym3VtXh2oIT5_nKsVqBanAZTM207vWorltDrVlxTQX_Y8fxepVlRJ/s320/P9303928.JPG" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arriving to Cartago with one of the students, just in front of the Bar Royal a milestone in Cartago.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Following are some texts related to this subject, quoted literally: </span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The area of Costa Rica has been scanned with various sensors (high resolution visible camera, infra-red camera, MASTER - thermal emission and reflection radiometer etc.) in order to acquire airborne multispectral digital imagery and photographic data for the ecosystem and agricultural research, for urban and land use planning, for studying volcanic activity and hazards, for cartographic purposes and for archeological studies. </span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Sensors used in multispectral digital photographic imagery: (Main source: NASA Flight Summary Report)</span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">1. Leica RC-30 metric camera is used for natural color imagery with wavelength range 420-700nm mainly for surface mapping and monitoring. Precision photogrammetry and films may be used to generate digital elevation models.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">2. Cirrus Digital Camera System (DCS) is used for acquiring flase color infrared imagery with 510-990nm spectral range. Primary use is in habitat mapping and ecosystem monitoring.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">3. MODIS/ASTER (MASTER) is the airborne simulator of the NASA satellite instrument, orbiting on NASA's Terra satellite (ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer and MODIS - geographic reprojection tool). It is intended primarily to study geological and other Earth surface properties. Fifty spectral bands cover 435nm - 13,110nm (13.11µm). </span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">4. HyMap Hyperspectral Scanner provides 126 bands across the reflective solar wavelength region of 0.45 - 2.5nm with contiguous spectral coverage (except in the atmospheric water vapor bands) and bandwidths between 15 - 20nm. High spatial and spectral resolution is used for example to differentiate a wide range of minerals at the ground surface through their characteristic absorption spectra.</span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Color Infrared Film (CIR):</span><br style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Detects longer wavelengths somewhat beyond the red end of the light spectrum. CIR film was initially employed during World War II to differentiate objects that had been artificially camouflaged. Infrared photography has the same problems that conventional photography has, you need light and clear skies. Even so, CIR is sensitive to very slight differences in vegetation. Because buried archeological features can affect how plants grow above them, such features become visible in color infrared photography.</span></span>(From http://wwwghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/archeology/remote_sensing.html )<br />
Sources<br />
<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;">http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.com/2011/05/guayabo-monument-in-costa-rica.html<br />
http://bocachica.arc.nasa.gov/CARTA_2005/index.html<br />
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_precolombina_de_Costa_Rica<br />
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Photo/DC-8/HTML/ED04-0056-059.html<br />
http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/archeology/remote_sensing.html<br />
http://isda.ncsa.uiuc.edu/drupal/content/costa-rica-2050<br />
http://www.vinv.ucr.ac.cr/girasol-ediciones/archivo/girasol25/mirada.htm<br />
Acuña Coto, Victor, Relaciones entre asentamientos precolombinos al norte de Guayabo de Turrialba en la Fase Cabaña. Revista de Ciencias Sociales. Universidad de Costa Rica, 35: 43-52, 1987.<br />
Aguilar Piedra, Carlos H. Guayabo de Turrialba; arqueología de un sitio indígena prehispánico. Editorial Costa Rica. San José, 1972.<br />
Drolet, Robert, Arqueología e ingeniería hidráulica en Guayabo de Turrialba. In Primer Seminario de Ingeniería de los Recursos Hidrálicos, Colegio de Ingenieros Civiles de Costa Rica, pp. 339- 349, 1984.<br />
Lines, Jorge A., Bibliografia antropológica aborigen de Costa Rica San Jose, Costa Rica, 1943.</span>Gabrielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07035553058007334414noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732701986358781126.post-64947076942474786412012-01-16T13:17:00.000-05:002012-01-16T13:17:29.868-05:00St John the Unfinished<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Last Saturday we had the chance to visit the cathedral of St. John the Divine, also known as St. John the Unfinished. We could see the cathedral from an unique perspective; within the walls.</span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKB322DdMPL4_Axn8W4hsUQnV49gwO71m1YD-RJKBaIvfHdHs2ztktgyMGvrG4Ub3UT3FE2LmlHDAq3aoUhQoI4-Lkdpb0-0lemB3j-myILREEz6WEnngpQSd9AuVm8hdfw7_sutZnJUWz/s1600/PA153977.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKB322DdMPL4_Axn8W4hsUQnV49gwO71m1YD-RJKBaIvfHdHs2ztktgyMGvrG4Ub3UT3FE2LmlHDAq3aoUhQoI4-Lkdpb0-0lemB3j-myILREEz6WEnngpQSd9AuVm8hdfw7_sutZnJUWz/s320/PA153977.JPG" width="240" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Staircase of St John the Divine</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">This huge cathedral is the second largest Christian Church in the world after St. Peter in The Vatican. With a colossal dome in the transept of 132 ft. (40 m.) diameter built by the Spaniard Rafael Guastavino in 1909, the cathedral rises with its revival mix-style of Byzantine-Romanesque and Gothic. The size of the dome is breathtaking but from a structural point of view the most impressive aspect of it is the way it works and the way it was built. In terms of how it was built the dome is laid with 1” thick tiles and it varies in thickness from 7-1/2” (19 cm.) at the foot to 3-3/4” (9.5 cm.) at the crown. This technique of tile vaults was introduced and patented in the United States by Guastavino through his company the Guastavino Fireproof Construction Co. The construction technique to build this type of tile vaults is widely known in the Mediterranean area of Spain which name is Catalan Vault. No centering, falseworks or other provisional structures is necessary for this technique, only light scaffolds for workmen and dairy supplies are. I forgot to mention that it was accomplished in less than 3 months!</span></span></div><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Besides the dome, the Church has other amazing elements such as the staircase which goes up the clerestory. The floor of the elliptical shaped staircase is made of 2 tile thick and a peculiar thing about the staircase is its inappreciable eye, because it does not exist. Instead of a common solid piece in the eye in this case there is just an elegant handrail made with the same tiles. The steps fly in the air, and they look like they don’t weight anything. I found a similar staircase in the medieval landmark “La Lonja de Valencia” in Spain, that was built in 1482. This latter has the same shape as St. John the Divine´s but made of curb stones instead of tiles. This staircase is absolutely beautiful. If you go to Valencia do not miss it.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1SH6E3SD3lj-Y32DED2e4XoKh_4aMblrXrUGjfeeSzZWBEuVICwz2RM48obqQ4FBplMMyCnv-K8iOHvNpyylc1TVfX_2je-gebRw9qciQBX1dCV88OuhNUPamRYTE7L0mXJi-zOZBX92r/s1600/PA153984.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1SH6E3SD3lj-Y32DED2e4XoKh_4aMblrXrUGjfeeSzZWBEuVICwz2RM48obqQ4FBplMMyCnv-K8iOHvNpyylc1TVfX_2je-gebRw9qciQBX1dCV88OuhNUPamRYTE7L0mXJi-zOZBX92r/s320/PA153984.JPG" width="240" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Looking down</span></span></td></tr>
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</span></div><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Another must see piece is the dome under the presbytery where Tiffany had his own chapel. It is made with the same technique and materials as the main dome with the advantage to watch the dome from a closer position.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaq___4ylhUKUnakmeSDZB8s0D5nbaJP6ZxndCdYDozGQoxmZyWLQ6RGZzxMF-SEeivPB7YvA2cBpxVuwu-TUa8nwiQ1Dbvgc01zhYoErV3X6nSqylyQPGtkwWE9ttP1iHYV6arhRppqf/s1600/PA153999.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWaq___4ylhUKUnakmeSDZB8s0D5nbaJP6ZxndCdYDozGQoxmZyWLQ6RGZzxMF-SEeivPB7YvA2cBpxVuwu-TUa8nwiQ1Dbvgc01zhYoErV3X6nSqylyQPGtkwWE9ttP1iHYV6arhRppqf/s320/PA153999.JPG" width="240" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dome at Basement of the Cathedral</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><div style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Finally I would like to mention the 50 foot 300 ton granite column enclosing the presbytery. With a diameter of 10 feet this columns were cut and shape in just one piece. The cylindrical shape was accomplished thanks to a big lathe made on purpose for this. When the first column was carving broke suddenly in a point close to the top, the second column had the same fortune and it happened in the rest of all columns. They were too large. That is the reason we can see a joint close to the top of the columns. The columns were cut and shaped in Vinalhaven, ME, </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">shipped by boat to the wharf to Thirty-Fifth Street of Manhattan and <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);">carried</span><span style="background-color: white;"> toward 110</span><sup style="background-color: white;">th</sup><span style="background-color: white;"> Street by a steam truck </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">moving</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"> just </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);">50 feet</span><span style="background-color: white;"> per hour. The first column was placed one year after they started to dig the </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 255, 255);">piece.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div></div><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6nFGqmgkQSL8yzTFzAj1gcQbvmPcBlpwjmqOicquWKJmo0ivNSn_kNXyGrxY8kn6PoYpZEHIRPgnhVbB6gp2sLCLSftXX3Zlt1siy3c1Tv4tJpL1vxENsKveWs_I4tjG1DoV7eDYEJ31Q/s1600/column.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6nFGqmgkQSL8yzTFzAj1gcQbvmPcBlpwjmqOicquWKJmo0ivNSn_kNXyGrxY8kn6PoYpZEHIRPgnhVbB6gp2sLCLSftXX3Zlt1siy3c1Tv4tJpL1vxENsKveWs_I4tjG1DoV7eDYEJ31Q/s320/column.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: blue;">Column of the Cathedral before shaped</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">St John the Divine conjugates the magnitude of a middle age cathedral with the perspective of a church from the 20<sup>th</sup> Century breaking the rigid Middle-Age mold. There is no doubt that is one of the best buildings of New York, at least for me.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">Bibliography:</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">- John Lane Co. </span><i><b><span lang="EN-US">The International studio</span></b></i><span lang="EN-US"><i>,</i> Volumen 40.</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1910</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">- Munn and Co. </span><b><span lang="EN-US"><i>Scientific American</i>,</span></b><span lang="EN-US">Supplement, Volumen 68. </span><span lang="EN-US">1909</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">- The Association.</span><b><span lang="EN-US"> <i>The Cornell civil engineer</i></span></b><span lang="EN-US">, Volumen 25. </span><span lang="EN-US">1916</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">Websites:</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US">- http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F60814FE3F5D11738DDDA10A94D0405B838CF1D3</span></span></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*All the Photographies by the author, except the last one. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>Gabrielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07035553058007334414noreply@blogger.com0Morningside Heights, New York, NY, USA40.804238642382657 -73.96290070426027840.79520064238266 -73.972907204260281 40.813276642382654 -73.952894204260275tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1732701986358781126.post-54711576557921462162011-12-11T11:15:00.003-05:002012-01-16T13:21:16.397-05:00Eastern State Penitentiary<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: small;">A un paseo del centro histórico de la ciudad de Philadelphia, hacia el noroeste, se encuentra uno de los espacios históricos más sorprendentes y crudos de la costa este de los Estados Unidos. </span></i></div><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Las prisiones habituales en la Norteamérica del siglo XVII se limitaban a estancias en los que hacinar presos, independientemente de edad, sexo, raza o naturaleza y gravedad del crimen que hubieran cometido. Los abusos de todo tipo por parte de otros presos y por sus vigilantes eran sabidos, permitidos y cada vez más intolerados por parte de una sociedad que pretendía avanzar hacia la independencia y la modernidad. En 1787 Benjamin Franlyn lideró la creación, por parte de un grupo de prominentes ciudadanos del estado de Pensilvania, de la denominada Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons (Sociedad de Philadelphia para Aliviar las Miserias de las Prisiones Públicas); era la primera asociación de este tipo en el mundo. Con el movimiento de la Ilustración como bandera, desarrollaron una idea radical, construir la primera penitenciaría: un lugar destinado a inspirar la penitencia en lugar del castigo y el arrepentimiento desde el corazón de los presos, pues consideraban que la bondad residía en cada persona, sólo había que encontrarla. Tardarían más de treinta años en convencer al gobierno para acometer la faraónica obra y catorce en completarla. Eastern State Penitentiary abrió sus puertas en 1829. Se trataba de un edificio inmenso, uno de los más caros de los Estados Unidos del momento. Cada celda contaba con agua corriente, inodoro y calefacción central, instalaciones de las que carecía la mismísima Casa Blanca. El sistema de penitencia consistía en el total aislamiento de los presos, de manera que en presencia únicamente de ellos mismos y sus crímenes, desarrollaran su conciencia y su arrepentimiento. Para ello, el arquitecto británico John Haviland articuló el edificio a partir de una rotonda de vigilancia desde la que surgían siete brazos constituidos por un pasillo central y celdas a ambos lados: celdas solitarias con patio, diseño radial y vigilancia central. Cada preso vivía en su propia celda, de planta rectangular, de 2,43 x 3,65 m, iluminada por una claraboya en el techo abovedado que representaba la iluminación divina. Cada celda disponía de un patio trasero de 2,43 x 3,5 m en el cual el penitente tenía acceso, durante una hora diaria, al aire, el cielo y al eco de su conciencia.</span></div><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilaxZ61V4cZcjW5qvw0oUf__WdM2WDoPUBrbNU9feVFPNUfSaUci-R8x-fPnlCCH2e1oOYVBjNqO8QXMeYu-3FOuy1v-FFzQapr1eYNWMb9hyphenhyphen-QRp3bji1OOug18Q7smVrr7cJqOJAVTM/s1600/0465_001.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilaxZ61V4cZcjW5qvw0oUf__WdM2WDoPUBrbNU9feVFPNUfSaUci-R8x-fPnlCCH2e1oOYVBjNqO8QXMeYu-3FOuy1v-FFzQapr1eYNWMb9hyphenhyphen-QRp3bji1OOug18Q7smVrr7cJqOJAVTM/s400/0465_001.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Perspectiva del centro en el momento de su construcción</b></span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">El estilo en que Haviland trazó su templo de penitencia fue neogótico, con alguna traza neorománica. Los alargados ventanales que se aprecian desde el exterior son falsos, ya que no hacen sino decorar el muro perimetral únicamente por su exterior, confiriéndole un aspecto medieval que evoca más bien el castigo físico que la evolución. Él describía el sitio como una máquina de reforma, un monasterio obligado.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi17vFTKB8x0uV_ZYkmIQqAsY_B1VJwBiJEmsFQBxQuLlMh8Gjn467dsIhrFSW6KyKH4glyYl1vPf4c2fTwfUiBiZLV0m-Tp8OW7tlfB0AlqhZOiYux1AC8CCcynP6ciWX9gfNUJ3Sia2w/s1600/0467_001.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi17vFTKB8x0uV_ZYkmIQqAsY_B1VJwBiJEmsFQBxQuLlMh8Gjn467dsIhrFSW6KyKH4glyYl1vPf4c2fTwfUiBiZLV0m-Tp8OW7tlfB0AlqhZOiYux1AC8CCcynP6ciWX9gfNUJ3Sia2w/s400/0467_001.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Fachada principal</b></span></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC9MtQxGjlHjDDhapnXntmkI7EasAabI5rgnhvwFghoDLa0TO4a3TtHobtHD9Aa_Bpij2CUcJMWAFkfzNyLBZKXrivv-9WGSIoi3L0KvwdMr7zmNeZdnLTUbPRrn94lfmHhK8hCpITcUk/s1600/PB194396r.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC9MtQxGjlHjDDhapnXntmkI7EasAabI5rgnhvwFghoDLa0TO4a3TtHobtHD9Aa_Bpij2CUcJMWAFkfzNyLBZKXrivv-9WGSIoi3L0KvwdMr7zmNeZdnLTUbPRrn94lfmHhK8hCpITcUk/s320/PB194396r.jpg" width="240" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr align="left" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Imagen del pasillo 1</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">A partir de la construcción de Eastern State Penitentiary existirían dos estilos de prisión, éste o el de la cárcel de Auburn, de corte más tradicional, en el estado de Nueva York. Cien años después de la construcción de la penitenciaría se habían edificado más de 300 en todo el mundo, inspiradas en ella. Los años y los estudios sobre método del confinamiento aislado abrían el debate sobre la efectividad de la idea, el concepto y los resultados. Eran muchas las voces que se alzaban cuestionando la dureza de la realidad que suponía la soledad absoluta, sin derecho a otro libro que la Biblia, a recibir visitas o cartas, a interaccionar con ningún otro ser humano; solos el interno, su crimen y su conciencia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Con el objetivo de visitar este centro y las cataratas del Niágara, Charles Dickens viajó a Estados Unidos; fue uno de los numerosos intelectuales del momento que se acercaron a estudiar y conocer el método y su catedral; en sus escritos reflexiona de cómo esa soledad puede ser peor que cualquier tortura física y cuestiona, una vez más, los medios, la efectividad y la humanidad. Además, resultaba ser un sistema caro; paulatinamente las normas van suavizándose hasta que definitivamente, el centro abandona la doctrina en 1913. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAKDShKI3zxHNW33FaF2h0xRAOJKyJBxzg7KvpZzXow4mNMa34cmke9JulEXDBtiUfQ4XuSZmPIMLlZXfLVHXleHrrDZ6Se71jYJyAyk4ihgElRolP4I7b350TrnQ4J7bx5ma2dDjwa4g/s1600/P1040162r.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAKDShKI3zxHNW33FaF2h0xRAOJKyJBxzg7KvpZzXow4mNMa34cmke9JulEXDBtiUfQ4XuSZmPIMLlZXfLVHXleHrrDZ6Se71jYJyAyk4ihgElRolP4I7b350TrnQ4J7bx5ma2dDjwa4g/s400/P1040162r.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr align="left" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Patio individual</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOU9BNzCEc4f9V3r_74Sp7b_z1Twn6ex-UMI5_bFYfu85qAVWG3a3Ytf778krFVSYbriDtijDkTBlckc3ruVVP2VbMjglSTwNbkcorxyO8lXy_eVVmQ3ApAIrEkBo00nTwkKUk4DbkDmI/s1600/1993.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOU9BNzCEc4f9V3r_74Sp7b_z1Twn6ex-UMI5_bFYfu85qAVWG3a3Ytf778krFVSYbriDtijDkTBlckc3ruVVP2VbMjglSTwNbkcorxyO8lXy_eVVmQ3ApAIrEkBo00nTwkKUk4DbkDmI/s1600/1993.jpg" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr align="left" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Planta en 1933</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">A lo largo de los años se irían añadiendo brazos al núcleo central e incluso algunos de ellos, de dos pisos, lo cual imposibilitaba que las celdas del primer piso dispusieran de patio. Seguiría funcionando como prisión convencional hasta que en 1971 saliese el último preso. Desde entonces hasta los 90, el edificio permaneció sin uso ni mantenimiento alguno. Hubieron varias tentativas de demolición, creación de centro comercial, trasformación en apartamentos de lujo… hasta que, en 1988, una asociación arquitectos, preservacionistas e historiadores, Eastern State Task Force, se hiciese cargo de su protección y gestión. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPzXkY0z8i0FuxF7XtyczV9BRoCYtiSV5O2lo1LXTT0oe_spn7yjDEPdVGSwA3UMJ7qmkDp13vFzOCmr9jQLy0MG-Qfs9-zrRBvr6eFn0JwJjDV6LAjs7d0dc_oJJ_Ri7qZ2YHXO5dWMY/s1600/PB194395r.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPzXkY0z8i0FuxF7XtyczV9BRoCYtiSV5O2lo1LXTT0oe_spn7yjDEPdVGSwA3UMJ7qmkDp13vFzOCmr9jQLy0MG-Qfs9-zrRBvr6eFn0JwJjDV6LAjs7d0dc_oJJ_Ri7qZ2YHXO5dWMY/s320/PB194395r.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr style="color: #999999;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoCaption" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ejemplo de intervención. Se consolidan los revestimientos en</b></span></div><div class="MsoCaption"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="color: black;"> buen estado y se eliminan los fallos</b></span>. </span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sally Elk, la directora ejecutiva, explica cómo se encontraron el edificio, en estado de ruina. Cuando le preguntan si su objetivo es restaurarlo, contesta sin dudar que no, que el propósito consiste en consolidar la ruina, de manera que no se deteriore, pero que muestre a los visitantes la realidad y la historia del edificio a través de un recorrido seguro. Para ello, se ha hecho necesario reconstruir segmentos contados, a modo de ejemplo. Personalmente considero interesantísimo cómo se enfoca la consolidación de la ruina, aportando una lectura precisa y preciosa de los secretos constructivos del conjunto. Me refiero, por ejemplo, al tratamiento de los yesos y su entramado posterior de madera; en aquellos casos en los que el recubrimiento ha fallado, se deja vista la estructura portante posterior de madera, confeccionando de este modo una radiografía atractivísima de la ruina. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUbkcgtlzCG-2YCsJHpSw1Ue7RmrKTC1_pZAQPWT2kH0mo5WYa9x7G6j-cPvAbmq9kPfs4JaQem65Jl1UzF2p9SKO3FYdJ43s418he1GIkv5bBeY9r9WejAM_FYTu1x2iSNZXDzWayDmg/s1600/PB194453r.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUbkcgtlzCG-2YCsJHpSw1Ue7RmrKTC1_pZAQPWT2kH0mo5WYa9x7G6j-cPvAbmq9kPfs4JaQem65Jl1UzF2p9SKO3FYdJ43s418he1GIkv5bBeY9r9WejAM_FYTu1x2iSNZXDzWayDmg/s320/PB194453r.jpg" width="239" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Celda en la que Al Capone pasó cerca de un año</b></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">En la actualidad el edificio es museo de sí mismo y de su historia y aloja exposiciones temporales de arte. Existen numerosas visitas temáticas guiadas y con la entrada se incluye el audio-guía, cuyo narrador es </span><span class="st" style="font-size: small;">Steve Buscemi, el actor que caracteriza a Nucky Thompson en la serie de Martin Scorsese, Boardwalk Empire (inspirado en el corrupto mafioso Nucky Johnson de Atlantic City en la época de la Prohibición).</span><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue",Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">El conocimiento de Eastern State Penitentiary es apasionante desde la perspectiva de su concepción sociológica y psicológica, su arquitectura, su ingeniería, su tratamiento de ruina y su leyenda</span></span>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Bibliografía:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
<h1 style="color: #999999; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="sec-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Francis X. Dolan</span>,</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="sec-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">2007: </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Eastern State Penitentiary (PA). </span></i><span class="sec-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Philadelphia, Images of America Series.</span></span></span></h1><h1 style="color: #999999; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="sec-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Mark Perrott</span>, 2000: </span></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Hope Abandoned: Eastern State Penitentiary </span></i></span></h1><h1 style="color: #999999; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="sec-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Norman Bruce Johnston</span>, 1994: <i><span style="text-decoration: none;">Eastern State Penitentiary: Crucible of Good Intentions</span></i></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="color: #999999; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="sec-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: none;">Paul Kahan</span> , 2008: <i><span style="text-decoration: none;">Eastern State Penitentiary: A History of Penitence and Punishment</span></i></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="color: #999999; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="sec-title"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">State Penitentiary for the Eastern Distr, 2010:</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">First and Second Annual Reports of the Inspectors of the Eastern State Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, Made to the Legislature at the Session of 1829-30 And 1830-31</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">. Philadelphia, Nabu Press.</span></span></h1></div>Gabrielhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07035553058007334414noreply@blogger.com2